Earth Sciences Pakistan (ESP) focus on interactions between the solid Earth, its water, its air and its living organisms, and on dynamic, interdependent relationships between these four components. ESP also consider how these relationships produce environmental change at different timescales. To do this, they combine knowledge, models and methods drawn from geology, biology, physics and chemistry. ESP also strive to understand past and present environmental processes so that reliable and scientifically based predictions can be made about the future. The journal is highly inter-disciplinary and publishes scholarly research – new data, ideas, and conceptual advances – in Earth and Environmental Science.